CHI TIẾT NGHIÊN CỨU …
Tiêu đề
Authenticity in College-Aged Males and Females, How Close Others are Perceived, and Mental Health Outcomes
Tác giả
Wenzel A.J.; Lucas-Thompson R.G.
Năm xuất bản
2012
Source title
Sex Roles
Số trích dẫn
20
DOI
10.1007/s11199-012-0182-y
Liên kết
Tóm tắt
Recently, constructs related to behaving authentically in relationships have been linked to self-esteem and depression. The current study aimed to fill an important gap in the literature by identifying several social-environmental factors that may be associated with dispositional authenticity-"the unobstructed operation of one's core or true self in one's daily enterprise" (Kernis and Goldman 2006, p. 294)-and determining whether these factors differ for males and females. Theoretical links between dispositional authenticity and perceptions of close relationship partners as more authentic and egalitarian were empirically examined. This study expanded on relational authenticity research, which has linked behaving authentically in relationships to higher self-esteem and less depressive symptomatology, to address whether females are more likely than males to display dispositional authenticity, as well as to report low self-esteem and depression when they engage in inauthenticity. Participants were 470 U. S. college students (318 female) who were recruited from colleges across the country (41 % from a liberal arts school, 31 % from a large public university) and completed questionnaires online. Path analysis indicated that both genders report more authenticity when they perceived their mothers to be more authentic; authenticity, in turn, was related to fewer depressive symptoms and greater self-esteem for both genders. For females only, authenticity was also positively related to the perceived authenticity of important nonparental adults, and a more traditional gender ideology was related to higher self-esteem; for males only, depressive symptoms were positively related to a more traditional gender ideology. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
Từ khóa
Authenticity; Depression; Gender ideology; Self-esteem; Youth development
Tài liệu tham khảo
Ali M.M., Dwyer D.S., Estimating peer effects in adolescent smoking behavior: A longitudinal analysis, Journal of Adolescent Health, 45, pp. 402-408, (2009); Ali M.M., Dwyer D.S., Social network effects in alcohol consumption among adolescents, Addictive Behaviors, 35, pp. 337-342, (2010); Altman J.H., Wittenborn J.R., Depression-prone personality in women, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 89, pp. 303-308, (1980); Bandura A., Ross D., Ross S.A., Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63, pp. 575-582, (1961); Beam M.R., Chen C., Greenberger E., The nature of adolescents' relationships with their "very important" nonparental adults, American Journal of Community Psychology, 30, pp. 305-325, (2002); Bentler P.M., EQS Structural Equations Program Manual, (1989); Bentler P.M., Bonett D.G., Significance tests and goodness-of-fit in the analysis of covariance structures, Psychological Bulletin, 88, pp. 588-606, (1980); Blankenhorn D., Fatherless America: Confronting Our Most Urgent Social Problem, (1995); Block J.H., Conceptions of sex role: Some cross-cultural and longitudinal perspectives, American Psychology, 28, pp. 512-526, (1973); Bronson P.O., Merryman A., Nuture Shock: New Thinking about Children, (2009); Brown L.S., Subversive Dialogues: Theory in Feminist Therapy, (1994); Brunell A.B., Kernis M.H., Goldman B.M., Heppner W., Davis P., Cascio E.V., Webster G.D., Dispositional authenticity and romantic relationship functioning, Personality and Individual Differences, 48, pp. 900-905, (2010); Buhrmester D., Intimacy of friendship, interpersonal competence, and adjustment during preadolescence and adolescence, Child Development, 61, pp. 1101-1111, (1990); Buhrmester D., Need fulfillment, interpersonal competence, and the developmental contexts of early adolescent friendship, The Company they Keep: Friendship in Childhood and Adolescence, pp. 158-185, (1996); Buhrmester D., Furman W., The development of companionship and intimacy, Child Development, 58, pp. 1101-1113, (1987); Chubb N.H., Fertman C.I., Ross J.L., Adolescent self-esteem and locus of control: A longitudinal study of gender and age differences, Adolescence, 32, pp. 113-129, (1997); Cramer K.M., Thoms N., Factor structure of the Silencing the Self Scale in women and men, Personality and Individual Differences, 35, pp. 525-535, (2003); Crawford M., Transformations: Women, Gender & Psychology, (2006); Darling N., Hamilton S.F., Niego S., Adolescents' relations with adults outside the family, Personal Relationships during Adolescence. Advances in Adolescent Development: An Annual Book Series, pp. 216-235, (1994); Denner J., Dunbar N., Negotiating femininity: Power and strategies of Mexican American girls, Sex Roles, 50, pp. 301-314, (2004); Eder D., Parker S., The cultural production and reproduction of gender: The effect of extracurricular activities on peer-group culture, Sociology of Education, 60, pp. 200-213, (1987); Ensher E.A., Murphy S.E., The Mentoring Relationship Challenges scale: The impact of mentoring stage, type, and gender, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79, pp. 253-266, (2011); Ferree M., The gender division of labor in two-earner marriages, Journal of Family Issues, 12, pp. 158-180, (1991); Glass J., Bengtson V.L., Dunham C.C., Attitude similarity in three-generation families: Socialization, status inheritance, or reciprocal influence?, American Sociological Review, 51, pp. 685-698, (1986); Gilligan C., In a Different Voice, (1982); Goldman B.M., Kernis M.H., The role of authenticity in healthy psychological functioning and subjective well-being, Annals of the American Psychotherapy Association, 5, pp. 18-20, (2002); Good G.E., Mintz L.B., Gender role conflict and depression in college men: Evidence for compounded risk, Journal of Counseling and Development, 69, pp. 17-21, (1990); Gratch L.V., Bassett M.E., Attra S.L., The relationship of gender and ethnicity to self-silencing and depression among college students, Psychology of Women Quarterly, 19, pp. 509-515, (1995); Greenberger E., Chen C., Beam M.R., The role of "very important" nonparental adults in adolescent development, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 27, pp. 321-343, (1998); Grych J.H., Fincham F.D., Marital conflict and children's adjustment: A cognitive-contextual framework, Psychological Bulletin, 108, pp. 267-290, (1990); Hankin B.L., Abramson L.Y., Moffitt T.E., Silva P.A., McGee R., Angell K.E., Development of depression from preadolescence to young adulthood: Emerging gender differences in a 10-year longitudinal study, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, pp. 128-140, (1998); Harper M.S., Dickson J.W., Welsh D.P., Self-silencing and rejection sensitivity in adolescent romantic relationships, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35, pp. 459-467, (2006); Hart B.I., Thompson J.M., Gender role characteristics and depressive symptomatology among adolescents, The Journal of Early Adolescence, 16, pp. 407-426, (1996); Harter S., The personal self in social context: Barriers to authenticity, Self and Identity: Fundamental Issues, pp. 81-105, (1997); Harter S., Marold D.B., Whitesell N.R., Cobbs G., A model of the effects of perceived parent and peer support on adolescent false self behavior, Child Development, 67, pp. 360-374, (1996); Harter S., Waters P.L., Whitesell N.R., Kastelic D., Level of voice among female and male high school students: Relational context, support, and gender orientation, Developmental Psychology, 34, pp. 892-901, (1998); Hartup W.W., Some correlates of parental imitation in young children, Child Development, 33, pp. 85-96, (1962); Hatcher L., A Step-by-Step Approach to Using SAS® for Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling, (1994); Hibbard D.R., Buhrmester D., The role of peers in the socialization of gender-related social interaction styles, Sex Roles, 39, pp. 185-202, (1998); Hinshaw S.P., Kranz R., The Triple Bind: Saving Our Teenage Girls from Today's Pressures, (2009); Impett E.A., Sorsoli L., Schooler D., Henson J.M., Tolman D.L., Girls' relationship authenticity and self-esteem across adolescence, Developmental Psychology, 44, pp. 722-733, (2008); Jack D.C., Silencing the Self: Women and Depression, (1991); Jack D., Dill D., The Silencing the Self Scale: Schemas of intimacy associated with depression in women, Psychology of Women Quarterly, 16, pp. 97-106, (1992); Jasser J.L., Inauthentic Self In Relationship: The Role of Attitudes Toward Women and Mother's Nurturance, (2008); Jordan J.V., Relational resilience in girls, Handbook of Resilience in Children, pp. 79-90, (2005); Kernis M.H., Goldman B.M., A multicomponent conceptualization of authenticity: Theory and research, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 38, pp. 283-357, (2006); Laub C., Somera D.M., Gowen L.K., Diaz R.M., Intervention for youth targeting "risky" gender ideologies: Constructing a community-driven, theory-based HIV prevention, Health Education & Behavior, 26, pp. 185-199, (1999); Lazarus R.S., Folkman S., Stress, Appraisal, and Coping, (1984); Leaper C., Exploring the consequences of gender segregation on social relationships, Childhood Gender Segregation: Causes and Consequences, pp. 67-86, (1994); Liang B., Tracy A., Kenny M., Brogan D., Gender differences in the relational health of youth participating in a social competency program, Journal of Community Psychology, 36, pp. 499-514, (2008); Liang B., Tracy A.J., Taylor C.A., Williams L.M., Mentoring college-age women: A relational approach, American Journal of Community Psychology, 30, pp. 271-288, (2002); Linden-Andersen S., Markiewicz D., Doyle A., Perceived similarity among adolescent friends, The Journal of Early Adolescence, 29, pp. 617-637, (2009); Lucas-Thompson R.G., Goldberg W.A., The Importance of Gender Ideology For College Students' Current Gendered Behavior and Expected Work-family Roles, (2012); Maccoby E.E., Gender and relationships: A developmental account, American Psychologist, 45, pp. 513-520, (1990); Maltz D.N., Borker R.A., A cultural approach to male-female miscommunication, Language and Social Identity, pp. 195-216, (1982); Mears D.P., Ploeger M., Warr M., Explaining the gender gap in delinquency: Peer influence and moral evaluations of behavior, Journal of Research In Crime and Delinquency, 35, pp. 251-266, (1998); Miller J.B., Toward a New Psychology of Women, (1986); Moen P., Erickson M.A., Dempster-McClain D., Their mother's daughters? The intergenerational transmission of gender attitudes in a world of changing roles, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 59, pp. 281-293, (1997); Myers S.M., Booth A.B., Forerunners of change in nontraditional gender ideology, Social Psychology Quarterly, 65, pp. 18-37, (2002); Neff K.D., Harter S., The authenticity of conflict resolutions among adult couples: Does women's other-oriented behavior reflect their true selves?, Sex Roles, 47, pp. 403-417, (2002); Nolen-Hoeksema S., Sex differences in unipolar depression: Evidence and theory, Psychological Bulletin, 101, pp. 259-282, (1987); O'Brien K.E., Biga A., Kessler S.R., Allen T.D., A meta-analytic investigation of gender differences in mentoring, Journal of Management, 36, pp. 537-554, (2010); O'Neil J.M., Helms B.J., Gable R.K., Davis L., Wrightsman L., Gender Role Conflict Scale: College men's fear of femininity, Sex Roles, 14, pp. 335-350, (1986); Pipher M., Reviving Ophelia: Saving the Lives of Adolescent Girls, (1994); Pleck J.H., The gender role strain paradigm: An update, A New Psychology of Men, pp. 11-32, (1995); Radloff L.S., The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population, Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, pp. 385-401, (1977); Resnick M.D., Harris L.J., Blum R.W., The impact of caring and connectedness on adolescent health and well being, Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 29, (1993); Rose A.J., Rudolph K.D., A review of sex differences in peer relationship processes: Potential trade-offs for the emotional and behavioral development of girls and boys, Psychological Bulletin, 132, pp. 98-131, (2006); Rosenberg M., Conceiving the Self, (1979); Shrier L.A., Harris S.K., Sternberg M., Beardslee W.R., Associations of depression, self-esteem, and substance use with sexual risk among adolescents, Preventative Medicine, 33, pp. 179-189, (2001); Smolak L., Munstertieger B.F., The relationship of gender and voice to depression and eating disorders, Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26, pp. 234-241, (2002); Snyder J.R., Marital conflict and child adjustment: What about gender?, Developmental Review, 18, pp. 390-420, (1998); Stokes J., Fuehrer A., Childs L., Gender differences in self-disclosure to various target persons, Journal of Counseling Psychology, 27, pp. 192-198, (1980); Tashakkori A., Thompson V.D., Gender, self-perception, and self-devaluation in depression: A factor analytic study among Iranian college students, Personality and Individual Difference, 10, pp. 341-354, (1989); Tenenbaum H.R., Leaper C., Are parents' gender schemas related to their children's gender-related cognitions? A meta-analysis, Developmental Psychology, 38, pp. 615-630, (2002); Theran S.A., Predictors of level of voice in adolescent girls: Ethnicity, attachment, and gender role socialization, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38, pp. 1027-1037, (2009); Theran S.A., Authenticity with authority figures and peers: Girls' friendships, self-esteem, and depressive symptomatology, Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, pp. 519-534, (2010); Theran S.A., Authenticity in relationships and depressive symptoms: A gender analysis, Personality and Individual Differences, 51, pp. 423-428, (2011); Tolman D.L., Porche M.V., The adolescent femininity ideology scale: Development and validation of a new measure for girls, Psychology of Women Quarterly, 24, pp. 365-376, (2000); Underwood M.K., Beron K.J., Gentsch J.K., Galperin M.B., Risser S.D., Family correlates of children's social and physical aggression with peers: Negative interparental conflict strategies and parenting styles, International Journal of Behavior Development, 32, pp. 549-562, (2008); The 2011 Statistical Abstract, (2011); Wilkie J.R., Ferree M.M., Ratcliff K.S., Gender and fairness: Marital satisfaction in two-earner couples, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 60, pp. 577-595, (1998); Williams K., Goodman M., Green R., Parent-child factors in gender role socialization in girls, Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 24, pp. 720-731, (1985); Wood A.M., Linley P.A., Maltby J., Baliousis M., Joseph S., The authentic personality: A theoretical and empirical conceptualization and the development of the Authenticity Scale, Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55, pp. 385-399, (2008); The Way Women Work, (2004); Yakushko O., Do feminist women feel better about their lives? Examining patterns of feminist identity development and women's subjective well-being, Sex Roles, 57, pp. 223-234, (2007)
Nơi xuất bản
Springer Science and Business Media, LLC
Hình thức xuất bản
Article
Open Access
Nguồn
Scopus