The role of perceived race and gender in the evaluation of college teaching on RateMyProfessors.com
Reid L.D.
2010
Journal of Diversity in Higher Education
111
10.1037/a0019865
The present study examined whether student evaluations of college teaching (SETs) reflected a bias predicated on the perceived race and gender of the instructor. Using anonymous, peer-generated evaluations of teaching obtained from RateMyProfessors.com, the present study examined SETs from 3,079 White; 142 Black; 238 Asian; 130 Latino; and 128 Other race faculty at the 25 highest ranked liberal arts colleges. Results showed that racial minority faculty, particularly Blacks and Asians, were evaluated more negatively than White faculty in terms of overall quality, helpfulness, and clarity, but were rated higher on easiness. A two-stage cluster analysis demonstrated that the very best instructors were likely to be White, whereas the very worst were more likely to be Black or Asian. Few effects of gender were observed, but several interactions emerged showing that Black male faculty were rated more negatively than other faculty. The results of the present study are consistent with the negative racial stereotypes of racial minorities and have implications for the tenure and promotion of racial minority faculty. © 2010 National Association of Diversity Officers in Higher Education.
cluster analysis; gender; race; RateMyProfessors.com; student evaluations of teaching
Allen W.R., Epps E.G., Guillory E.A., Suh S.A., Bonous-Hammarth M., The black academic: Faculty status among African Americans in U.S. higher education, Journal of Negro Education, 69, pp. 112-127, (2000); Anderson K.J., Smith G., Students' preconceptions of professors: Benefits and barriers according to ethnicity and gender, Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 27, pp. 184-201, (2005); Arbuckle J., Williams B.D., Students' perceptions of expressiveness: Age and gender effects on teacher evaluations, Sex Roles, 49, pp. 507-516, (2003); Aries E., Race and Class Matters at An Elite College, (2008); Babad E., Avni-Babad D., Rosenthal R., Prediction of students' evaluations from brief instances of professors' nonverbal behavior in defined instructional situations, Social Psychology of Education, 7, pp. 3-33, (2004); Babad E., Darley J.M., Kaplowitz H., Developmental aspects in students' course selection, Journal of Educational Psychology, 91, pp. 157-168, (1999); Banaji M., Greenwald A.G., Implicit stereotyping and prejudice, The Psychology of Prejudice: The Ontario Symposium, 7, pp. 55-76, (1994); Barth M.M., Deciphering student evaluations of teaching: A factor analysis approach, Journal of Education for Business, 84, pp. 40-46, (2008); Basow S.A., Effects of teacher expressiveness: Mediated by teacher sex-typing?, Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, pp. 599-602, (1990); Basow S.A., Student evaluations of college professors: When gender matters, Journal of Educational Psychology, 87, pp. 656-665, (1995); Basow S.A., Student evaluations: The role of gender bias and teaching styles, Career Strategies for Women in Academe: Arming Athena, pp. 135-156, (1998); Basow S.A., Best and worst professors: Gender patterns in students' choices, Sex Roles, 45, pp. 405-417, (2000); Basow S.A., Silberg N.T., Student evaluations of college professors: Are female and male professors rated differently?, Journal of Educational Psychology, 79, pp. 308-314, (1987); Beatty M.J., Zahn . C J., Are student ratings of communication instructors due to "easy" grading practices? An analysis of teacher credibility and student-reported performance levels, Communication Education, 39, pp. 275-291, (1990); Bennett S.K., Student perceptions of and expectations for male and female instructors: Evidence relating to the question of gender bias in teaching evaluation, Journal of Educational Psychology, 74, pp. 170-179, (1982); Beran T., Violato C., Ratings of university teacher instruction: How much do student and course characteristics really matter?, Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 30, pp. 593-601, (2005); Best J.B., Addison W.E., A preliminary study of perceived warmth of professor and student evaluations, Teaching of Psychology, 27, pp. 60-62, (2000); Blackhart G.C., Peruche B.M., Dewall C.N., Joiner T.E.J., Factors influencing teaching evaluations in higher education, Teaching of Psychology, 33, pp. 37-39, (2006); Boatright-Horowitz S., Soeung S., Teaching white privilege to white students can mean saying good-bye to positive student evaluations, American Psychologist, 64, pp. 574-575, (2009); Bodenhausen G.V., Lichtenstein M., Social stereotypes and information-processing strategies: The impact of task complexity, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, pp. 871-880, (1987); Bonilla-Silva E., Racism Without Racists: Color-blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in the United States, (2006); Bowling N.A., Does the relationship between student ratings of course easiness and course quality vary across schools? the role of school academic rankings, Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 33, pp. 1-12, (2008); Boyer E.L., Scholarship Reconsidered: Priorities of the Professorate, (1997); Brigham J.C., College students' racial attitudes, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 23, pp. 1933-1967, (1993); Buchert S., Laws E.L., Apperson J.M., Bregman N.J., First impressions and professor reputation: Influence on student evaluations of instruction, Social Psychology of Education, 11, pp. 397-408, (2008); Campbell H.E., Gerdes K., Steiner S., What's looks got to do with it? instructor appearance and student evaluations of teaching, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 24, pp. 611-620, (2005); Cashin W.E., Student Ratings of Teaching: The Research Revisited (IDEA Paper No. 32), (1995); Chowdhary U., Instructor's attire as a biasing factor in students' ratings of an instructor, Clothing & Textiles Research Journal, 6, pp. 17-22, (1988); Clayson D.E., Frost T.F., Sheffet M.J., Grades and the student evaluation of instruction: A test of the reciprocity effect, Academy of Management Learning & Education, 5, pp. 52-85, (2006); Devine P.D., Stereotypes and prejudices: Their automated and controlled components, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, pp. 5-18, (1989); Dixon T., Maddox K.B., Skin tone, crime news, and social reality judgments: Priming the stereotype of the dark and dangerous black criminal, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35, pp. 1555-1570, (2005); Dovidio J.F., Gaertner S.L., Aversive Racism, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 36, pp. 1-52, (2004); Ducette J., Kenney J., Do grading standards affect student evaluations of teaching? some new evidence on an old question, Journal of Educational Psychology, 74, pp. 308-314, (1982); Evans G.L., Cokley K.O., African American women and the academy: Using career mentoring to increase research productivity, Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 2, pp. 50-57, (2008); Feldman K.A., College students' views of male and female college teachers: Part II - Evidence from students' evaluations of their classroom teachers, Research in Higher Education, 34, pp. 151-211, (1993); Felton J., Mitchell J., Stinson M., Web-based student evaluations of professors: The relations between perceived quality, easiness, and sexiness, Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 29, pp. 91-108, (2004); Fortson S.B., Brown W.E., Best and worst university instructors: The opinions of graduate students, College Student Journal, 32, pp. 572-576, (1998); Glick P., Fiske S.T., The ambivalence toward men inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent beliefs about men, Psychology of Women Quarterly, 23, pp. 519-536, (1999); Goebel B.L., Cashen V.M., Age stereotype bias in student ratings of teachers: Teacher, age, sex, and attractiveness as modifiers, College Student Journal, 19, pp. 404-410, (1985); Greenwald A., Banaji M., Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes, Psychological Review, 102, pp. 4-27, (1995); Greenwald A.G., Gilmore G.M., Grading leniency is a removable contaminant of student ratings, American Psychologist, 52, pp. 1209-1217, (1997); Guinn B., Vincent V., The influence of grades on teaching effectiveness ratings at a Hispanic-serving institution, Journal of Hispanic Higher Education, 5, pp. 313-321, (2006); Harlow R., race doesn't matter, but...": The effect of race on professors' experiences and emotion management in the undergraduate college classroom, Social Psychology Quarterly, 66, pp. 348-363, (2003); Heckert T.M., Latier A., Ringwald A., Silvey B., Relation of course, instructor, and student characteristics to dimensions of student ratings of teaching effectiveness, College Student Journal, 40, pp. 195-203, (2006); Hendrix K.G., Student perceptions of verbal and nonverbal cues leading to images of black and white professor credibility, Howard Journal of Communications, 8, pp. 251-273, (1997); Hendrix K.G., Student perceptions of the influence of race on professor credibility, Journal of Black Studies, 28, pp. 738-763, (1998); Ho A.K., Thomsen L., Sidanius J., Perceived academic competence and overall job evaluations: Students' evaluations of African American and European American professors, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39, pp. 389-406, (2009); Howell A.J., Symbaluk D.G., Published student ratings of instruction: Revealing and reconciling the views of students and faculty, Journal of Educational Psychology, 93, pp. 790-796, (2001); Jackson R., Crawley R., White student confessions about a black male professor: A cultural contracts theory approach to intimate conversations about race and worldview, The Journal of Men's Studies, 12, pp. 25-41, (2003); Jenkins S.J., Downs E., Relationship between faculty personality and student evaluation of courses, College Student Journal, 35, pp. 636-640, (2001); Katz D., Braly K., Racial stereotypes of one hundred college students, The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 28, pp. 280-290, (1933); Kelley H.H., The warm-cold variable in first impressions of persons, Journal of Personality, 18, pp. 431-439, (1950); Kierstead D., D'Agostino P., Dill H., Sex role stereotyping of college professors: Bias in students' ratings of instructors, Journal of Educational Psychology, 80, pp. 342-344, (1988); Kincheloe J.L., Steinberg S.R., Addressing the crisis of whiteness: Reconfiguring white identity in a pedagogy of whiteness, White Reign: Deploying Whiteness in America, pp. 3-29, (1998); Kindred R., Mohammed S., he will crush you like an academic ninja!": Exploring teacher ratings on ratemyprofessors.com, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 10, (2005); Lackritz J.R., Exploring burnout among university faculty: Incidence, performance, and demographic issues, Teaching and Teacher Education, 20, pp. 713-729, (2004); Landrine H., Race x class stereotypes of women, Gender, Culture, and Ethnicity: Current Research about Women and Men, pp. 38-61, (1999); Lepore L., Brown R., Category and stereotype activation: Is prejudice inevitable?, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, pp. 275-287, (1997); Liddle B.J., Coming out in class: Disclosure of sexual orientation and teaching evaluations, Teaching of Psychology, 24, pp. 32-35, (1997); Lin M.H., Kwan V.S.Y., Cheung A., Fiske S.T., Stereotype content model explains prejudice for an envied outgroup: Scale of anti-Asian American stereotypes, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, pp. 34-47, (2005); Ludwig J.M., Meacham J.A., Teaching controversial courses: Student evaluations of instructors and content, Educational Research Quarterly, 21, pp. 27-38, (1997); MacRae C.N., Bodenhausen G.V., Social cognition: Thinking categorically about others, Annual Review of Psychology, 51, pp. 93-120, (2000); Maddox K.B., Perspectives on racial phenotypicality bias, Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8, pp. 383-401, (2004); Maddox K.B., Gray S., Cognitive representations of Black Americans: Reexploring the role of skin tone, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, pp. 250-259, (2002); Marlin J.W., Gaynor P.E., Do anticipated grades affect student evaluations? A discriminant analysis approach, College Student Journal, 23, pp. 184-192, (1989); Marsh H.W., Do university teachers become more effective with experience? A multilevel growth model of students' evaluations of teaching over 13 years, Journal of Educational Psychology, 99, pp. 775-790, (2007); Martin E., Power and authority in the classroom: Sexist stereotypes in teaching evaluations, Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 9, pp. 482-492, (1984); McKeachie W.J., Student ratings: The validity of use, American Psychologist, 52, pp. 1218-1225, (1997); McPherson M.A., Jewell R.T., Leveling the playing field: Should student evaluation scores be adjusted?, Social Science Quarterly, 88, pp. 868-881, (2007); Messner M.A., White guy habitus in the classroom: Challenging the reproduction of privilege, Men and Masculinities, 2, pp. 457-469, (2000); Millea M., Grimes P.W., Grade expectations and student evaluation of teaching, College Student Journal, 36, pp. 582-590, (2002); Myers L.W., Black women coping with stress in academia, The Psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination: Bias Based on Gender and Sexual Orientation, 3, pp. 133-149, (2005); Nast H.J., Sex,' 'race,' and multiculturalism: Critical consumption and the politics of course evaluations, Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 23, pp. 102-115, (1999); Ogier J., Evaluating the effect of a lecturer's language background on a student rating of teaching form, Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 30, pp. 477-488, (2005); Otto J., Sanford D.A.J., Ross D.N., Does ratemyprofessor.com really rate my professor?, Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 33, pp. 1-16, (2008); Perry R.P., Abrami P.C., Leventhal L., Check J., Instructor reputation: An expectancy relationship involving student ratings and achievement, Journal of Educational Psychology, 71, pp. 776-787, (1979); Punj G., Stewart D., Cluster analysis in marketing research: Review and suggestions for application, Journal of Marketing Research, 20, pp. 134-148, (1983); Richeson J., Shelton J., Negotiating interracial interactions: Costs, consequences, and possibilities, Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, pp. 316-320, (2007); Riniolo T.C., Johnson K.C., Sherman T.R., Misso J.A., Hot or not: Do professors perceived as physically attractive receive higher student evaluations?, Journal of General Psychology, 133, pp. 19-35, (2006); Ruscio K.P., The distinctive scholarship of the selective liberal arts college, The Journal of Higher Education, 58, pp. 205-222, (1987); Sidanius J., Crane M., Job evaluation and gender: The case of university faculty, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 19, pp. 174-197, (1989); Silva K.M., Silva F.J., Quinn M.A., Draper J.N., Cover K.R., Munoff A.A., Rate my professor: Online evaluations of psychology instructors, Teaching of Psychology, 35, pp. 71-80, (2008); Smith B.P., Student ratings of teacher effectiveness: An analysis of end-of-course faculty evaluations, College Student Journal, 41, pp. 788-800, (2007); Smith G., Anderson K.J., Students' ratings of professors: The teaching style contingency for Latino/a professors, Journal of Latinos and Education, 4, pp. 115-136, (2005); Sprinkle J.E., Student perceptions of effectiveness: An examination of the influence of student biases, College Student Journal, 42, pp. 276-293, (2008); Steele C.M., A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance, American Psychologist, 52, pp. 613-629, (1997); Sue D.W., Whiteness and ethnocentric monoculturalism: Making the "invisible" visible, American Psychologist, 59, pp. 761-769, (2004); Sue S., Sue D.W., Sue D.W., Asian Americans as a minority group, American Psychologist, 30, pp. 906-910, (1975); Swim J.K., Cohen L.L., Overt, covert, and subtle sexism: A comparison between the Attitudes Toward Women and Modern Sexism Scales, Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, pp. 103-118, (1997); Tatro C.N., Gender effects on student evaluations of faculty, Journal of Research & Development in Education, 28, pp. 169-173, (1995); Timmerman T., On the validity of RateMyProfessors.com, Journal of Education for Business, 84, pp. 55-61, (2008); Tropp L.R., Pettigrew T.F., Relationships between inter group contact and prejudice among minority and majority status groups, Psychological Science, 16, 12, pp. 951-957, (2005); Turner C.S.V., Myers S.L., Faculty of Color in Academe: Bittersweet Success, (2000); U.S. News Ultimate College Guide 2006, (2005); Van Giffen K., Influence of professor gender and perceived use of humor on course evaluations, Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 3, pp. 65-73, (1990); Widmeyer W.N., Loy J.W., When you're hot, you're hot: Warm-cold effects in first impressions of persons and teaching effectiveness, Journal of Educational Psychology, 80, pp. 118-121, (1988); Wilds D.J., Minorities in Higher Education 1999-2000: Seventeenth Annual Status Report, (2000); Williams D.A., Examining the relation between race and student evaluation of faculty members: A literature review, Profession, pp. 168-173, (2007); Wilson J.H., Taylor K.W., Professor immediacy as behaviors associated with liking students, Teaching of Psychology, 28, pp. 136-138, (2001); Worthington R.L., Navarro R.L., Loewy M., Hart J., Color-blind racial attitudes, social dominance orientation, racial-ethnic group membership and college students' perceptions of campus climate, Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 1, pp. 8-19, (2008); Zarate M.A., Smith E.R., Person categorization and stereotyping, Social Cognition, 8, pp. 161-185, (1990)
Article
Scopus