CHI TIẾT NGHIÊN CỨU …

Tiêu đề

Rysai-kembo, Liberal Education and Maternal Feminism under fascism: Women and sport in modern Japan

Tác giả

Ikeda K.

Năm xuất bản

2010

Source title

International Journal of the History of Sport

Số trích dẫn

DOI

10.1080/09523360903556840

Liên kết

https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-79952865452&doi=10.1080%2f09523360903556840&partnerID=40&md5=61a715b1b2a2e2d7ec2a3549ba497b94

Tóm tắt

Following the Second World War, Japanese women have gained greater equality in terms of their legal status, career opportunities and general personal freedom. However, cultural inequalities remain, and this is no less so than in sport. Access to job opportunities in the sports media, for example, has been restricted, while participation in sport overall and in some sports in particular has been subject to sexist attitudes. The development of women's sport in Japan has been uneven. Women's physical education was first introduced after the 1895 Sino-Japanese War to support the Japanese State's notions of 'rysai-kembo', Liberal Education and Maternal Feminism. During the Taisho era, prior to the Second World War, women achieved a measure of freedom in sport through the development of 'liberal education' in which the physical education curriculum was modernized by Western-influenced educationalists. During the war, however, this was replaced by a militaristic sports curriculum. In wartime Japan, feminism was influenced by a grass-roots fascism that promoted the idea of 'the nation', which justified the central existence of the Emperor and emphasized the importance of a physically robust maternity. Women's physical education and sports has therefore followed at least three phases: the first was based on the idea of rysai-kembo and made possible the first stage of secondary education for women (after the Sino Japanese War, 1894-95); the second, the Taisho era (1912-26) of 'liberal education', produced many haikara (high-collar; middle class) women and increased their participation in organized competitive sports. The third phase that witnessed the era of maternal feminism and the resurrection of traditional budo in which the importance of physical education for women was emphasized more than ever (especially 1936-45). The end of the Second World War became the starting point for a new era of women's education. In most narratives of Japanese women in sport, the gains made in wartime Japan were seen in post-war Japan as being evil and so, the previously improved status of women in sport is as seen has having reverted to its traditional, conservative condition. This paper argues that the histories of the concepts of 'rysai-kembo' and 'haikara' reflect the wider social history of Japan. Both concepts possessed similar characteristics, highlighting both change and continuity through the modern period. It is important to examine the context in which these concepts first appeared as an 'invented tradition'. In particular the inheritance of pre-war culture before the nationalization and modernization of the nation state is especially relevant. © 2010 Taylor & Francis.

Từ khóa

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